Were the visual aids helpful in understanding the meaning of the content?
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Topic: PSY 630 Interactive Assignment -Reply to Colleague Timothy Morin PowerPoint Presentation Script
Details: You are encouraged to post your required replies earlier in the week to promote more meaningful interactive discourse in this discussion. In your responses to your peers you will take on the role of one of the physicians in the audience. In your responses, consider two of the following aspects from the presentation:
• The content of the evaluation: Was it sound, well-reasoned, and based on substantial evidence?
• The format of the presentation: Was it easy to understand? Was the sequence of facts well-constructed? Were the visual aids helpful in understanding the meaning of the content?
• The video presentation: Was the verbal presentation clear? Was the pacing appropriate for the material(s)? Was the video helpful in understanding the meaning of the content?
(SEE COLLEAGUE Timothy Morin Power Point Presentation Script BELOW)
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Reply to Colleague Timothy Morin PowerPoint Presentation Script
Treatment of Schizophrenia and Depression
Slide 1 (Cover Slide):
Hello class, my name is Tim Morin and I will be giving a presentation on the treatment of schizophrenia.
Slide 2 (What is Schizophrenia?)
Schizophrenia is a profound mental disorder that causes a large amount of distress and affects approximately one percent of the population over their lifetime (Carlson & Birkett, 2017). The term schizophrenia is meant to describe an individual who has a scattered or fragmented pattern of thinking that results from a departure of reality caused by disorderly functions of thought, emotion, and behavior. In patients who developed schizophrenia, it is believed that they either had an abnormal development in the brain, are associated with hereditary aspects, or are caused by environmental factors. Although many brain disorders can arise from trauma, diseases, or dysfunctions within different brain areas, schizophrenia is a condition that does not have a known cause (Jablensky, 2010).
Slide 3 (Neurotransmitter Theory)
Some schizophrenia features are believed to appear in abnormalities of neuronal pathways that utilize dopamine as a neurotransmitter. In the mesolimbic pathway, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain is primarily characterized by its dopaminergic neurons that release to the ventral striatum of the basal ganglia in the forebrain. Impairments in these areas can affect motivation, emotions, and reward. Another neuronal pathway that utilizes dopamine is the mesocortical pathway. Dopamine is released from the VTA to the cerebral cortex, forming connections with the frontal and temporal lobes. Damage to this pathway can negatively impact cognition, emotions, and executive functions.
Slide 4 (Agonist-Antagonist Activity)
Antipsychotics primarily target dopaminergic neurons. The mesolimbic pathway has been identified as being hyperactive, and drugs can mediate positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations (Carlson & Birkett, 2017). The mesocortical pathway is believed to be hypoactive in schizophrenia, and antipsychotic drugs can help alleviate negative psychotic symptoms, such as reduced motivation and social isolation, along with improved aspects of cognition, emotions, and executive functions. The nigrostriatal pathway helps control motor function and movement. Antipsychotics can remedy deficiencies in this area, which can otherwise lead to dystonia, bradykinesia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia if not properly treated.
Slide 5 (Cont’d)
D2 receptors are the most pertinent than the other dopamine receptors as they are the principal objective of antipsychotic drugs (Li et al., 2016). Antipsychotics can be subdivided into high and low potency categories. High potency neuroleptics have an increased affinity for dopamine receptors, which explains why relatively low dosages are needed to achieve the effect. On the other hand, low potency neuroleptics have a reduced affinity for dopamine receptors and require higher doses. Low potency drugs are not bound to the D2 receptors as tightly as high potency drugs, potentially affecting other receptors, such as histamine receptors, cholinergic receptors, and alpha-adrenergic (Weinstein et al., 2017).
Slide 6 (Risk-Benefit Analysis)
Antipsychoactive drugs can be separated by first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Typical drugs include thioridazine, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and haloperidol. Atypical drugs include ziprasidone, quetiapine, risperidone, clozapine, olanzapine, and aripiprazole. Just as a reminder, these are not all-encompassing drugs from these categories.
Slide 7 (Cont’d)
Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that has been considered an extremely effective drug in handling schizophrenia treatment. In recent studies, Clozapine disclosed its ability to effectively control schizophrenic episodes in approximately 30% of patients, in contrast to only a 4% efficacy rate with other drugs (Stępnicki et al., 2018). Clozapine has been used to treat mood disorders and psychosis symptoms and is known to reduce the risk of recurrent suicidal behavior, aggression, and hostility. It has also been identified as producing more intense dream activity. REM sleep increased 85% of total sleep time in patients and occurred almost immediately after falling asleep (Kaskie et al., 2017).
Slide 8 (Success Rate)
In clinical trials, results suggested that clozapine was an effective antipsychotic drug that lacked extrapyramidal side effects. Clozapine was also found to be better in 79% of controlled trials compared to other antipsychotic drugs (Raguraman et al., 2005). In another study, 50% of patients who took clozapine responded effectively (Raguraman et al., 2005).
Slide 9 (Untreated Individuals)
Individuals who refrain or are unwilling to receive treatment as soon as possible have a poorer treatment response when exposed to psychotic symptoms for a long period of time. Depending on which schizophrenia stage an individual is exhibiting (e.g., prodromal, active, or residual stage), a professional can determine which medicinal treatment is more beneficial. For example, an individual in the prodromal phase may be experiencing their first episodes of psychosis. The goal is to reduce the severity of psychotic thoughts and behaviors. Since people respond differently to antipsychotic medications, it is essential to trial medications to find the most suitable drug.
Slide 10 (References)
This concludes my presentation. Thank you for your time and have a blessed day.
References
Carlson, N. R., & Birkett, M. A. (2017). Physiology of behavior (12th ed.) [Custom edition]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu
Jablensky, A. (2010). The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: Its history, evolution, and future prospects. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 12(3), 271–287.
Kaskie, R. E., Graziano, B., & Ferrarelli, F. (2017). Schizophrenia and sleep disorders: links, risks, and management challenges. Nature and science of sleep, 9, 227–239. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S121076
Li, P., Snyder, G. L., & Vanover, K. E. (2016). Dopamine targeting drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia: Past, present and future. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 16(29), 3385–3403. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026616666160608084834
Raguraman, J., Vijay Sagar, K. J., & Chandrasekaran, R. (2005) Effectiveness of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 47(2), 102-105. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.55955
Stępnicki, P., Kondej, M., & Kaczor, A. A. (2018). Current concepts and treatments of schizophrenia. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23(8), 2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082087
Weinstein, J. J., Chohan, M. O., Slifstein, M., Kegeles, L. S., Moore, H., & Abi-Dargham, A. (2017). Pathway-Specific Dopamine Abnormalities in Schizophrenia. Biological psychiatry, 81(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.2104
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